Location and Geography

            Cypress Mountain Ski Resort is located at latitude 49.400936° North and longitude 123.198564° West on the forested slopes of North Shore Mountains in West Vancouver. Cypress is approximately 21 kilometers north of the Vancouver Airport. The weather station at the Vancouver Airport has been collecting meteorological data since 1937 and has an elevation 4.3 meters above sea level. Because Cypress has a base elevation that is almost one kilometer above sea level it has a local climate with lower temperatures, more precipitation, and higher quantities of snowfall than what is recorded at the Vancouver Airport.

            The base elevation of Cypress Resort lies at about 820 meters above sea level, with the peaks of its constituent skiable mountains, Strachan and Black Mountain, reaching 1454 meters and 1217 meters, respectively. These elevations are relatively low when compared to  the major ski resorts found elsewhere in British Columbia and Alberta (Figure 1).

            Cypress Resort is found in a natural topographic bowl, with the resort’s 53 named ski runs being located on two separate mountains. Ski runs on Black Mountain face an east to northeast direction. On Mount Strachan, the ski runs face mainly southwest and this area of Cypress Resort probably receives more snowfall locally because of adiabatic processes.

            The climate of Cypress Resort in winter is relatively mild because of its close proximity with the Pacific Ocean. Winter precipitation is the result of a combination of mid-latitude cyclones and orographic lifting. Air temperatures associated with snow events at Cypress are often just below 0°C. Table 1 provides monthly statistics for temperature and precipitation for the months of November to April at the ski resort’s mid-elevation.

Climate Indicator Variables

            Four indicator variables were generated from ClimateBC to evaluate whether human induced climate change is having an impact on Cypress Mountain Ski Resort at its mid-elevation 1124 m. 

• Winter Mean Temperature - the average of the daily temperature means for the winter months of December, January and February.
  
  
• Winter Degree Days < 0°C - the cumulative sum of days with mean temperatures below (less than) zero taken from the winter months of December, January and February. This calculation uses the absolute values of daily mean temperatures < (below) 0°C. For example, four days with temperatures +5°C, -2°C, -11°C and -6°C would produce a degree day < 0°C value of 19°C (2+11+6).
  
  
• Winter Snowfall – accumulated snowfall for the winter months of December, January and February. This variable is calculated as the equivalent depth of liquid water in millimeters that will remain after a known volume of snow is entirely melted. This estimate is usually made at meteorological stations using known quantities for the water density of snow and measured depth of the snow. Alternatively, some meteorological stations employ the use of a Nipher snow gauge that melts any captured snow, converting it into a water measurement in millimeters.
  
  
• Winter Rainfall – accumulated rainfall for the winter months of December, January and February. This variable is calculated in millimeters.

ClimateBC Software – Historic Data

            This website uses a high-quality, spatially interpolated climate database program, ClimateBC version 7.70, to compute directly calculated and derived climate variables for the various British Columbian ski resorts based on latitude, longitude, and elevation (Wang et al., 2016 and Wang et al., 2025). Climate databases of this type are very useful for studies in which climate scientists seek to determine the impact of climate change on a particular human socio-economic system. ClimateBC uses numerical downscaling to produce output at the local-scale and has historic datasets for the period 1901 to 2025. 

ClimateBC Software – Future Climate Model Forecasts

            ClimateBC also includes future simulated climate forecasts for the 21st century (Mahoney et al., 2022). These forecasts are generated by various Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6) global climate models (GCMs) used in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) 6th Assessment Reports on climate change. However, ClimateBC contains the output of a subset of 13 of the over 44 global climate models used in the most recent IPCC assessment report. The researchers who developed ClimateBC carefully selected this group to ensure that the forecasts made by these 13 models best replicate the range of results produced by the models used in the latest IPCC reports (Mahoney et al., 2022). The output on this webpage used an ensemble of eight models with an equilibrium climate sensitivity of 3.4°C to create a single averaged forecast. The 13 global climate models available in ClimateBC are shown in Table 2. 

Winter Mean Temperature

            Winter mean temperatures have steadily increased from 1901 to 2025, with a rate of 0.13°C per decade, as shown in Figure 2 based on linear regression analysis. The best-fit regression line predicts an average winter mean temperature of approximately -0.8°C in 2025. Interestingly, the graph reveals that most of the warmest winters at Cypress Mountain Ski Resort over the last 45 years have been associated with El Niño events.

            Figure 3 indicates that winter mean temperatures will continue to increase in the 21st century, reaching 1.1 and 2.8°C, respectively, under the SSP2-4.5 and SSP5-8.5 emission scenarios by 2090. 

Winter Degree Days < 0°C

                Winter degree days <0°C have steadily decrease from 1901 to 2025, at a rate of 8.0°C per decade, as shown in Figure 4 based on linear regression analysis. The best-fit regression line predicts an average winter degree days of approximately 242°C in 2025. 

            Figure 5 displays that winter degree days <0°C will continue to decrease in the 21st century, falling to 152 and 100°C, respectively, under the SSP2-4.5 and SSP5-8.5 emission scenarios by 2090. 

Winter Snowfall

                Winter snowfall has declined from 1901 to 2025, at a rate of 13.2 mm water equivalent per decade, as shown in Figure 6 based on linear regression analysis. The best-fit regression line predicts an average winter snowfall of about 363 mm water equivalent in 2025. 

            Figure 7 displays that winter snowfall (mm water equivalent) will continue to decrease in the 21st century, dropping to 215 and 117 mm, respectively, under the SSP2-4.5 and SSP5-8.5 emission scenarios by 2090. 

Winter Rainfall

            Winter rainfall has increased from 1901 to 2025, at a rate of 10.9 mm  per decade, as described in Figure 8 based on linear regression analysis. The best-fit regression line predicts an average winter rainfall of about 712 mm water equivalent in 2025. 

            Figure 9 indicates that winter rainfall (mm) will continue to increase in the 21st century, reaching to 988 and 1143 mm, respectively, under the SSP2-4.5 and SSP5-8.5 emission scenarios by 2090. 

References

Knutti, R., D. Masson, and A. Gettelman. 2013. Climate model genealogy: Generation CMIP5 and how we got there. Geophysical Research Letters 40, 1194–1199. DOI:10.1002/grl.50256

Mahony, C.R., T. Wang, A. Hamann, and A.J. Cannon. 2022. A CMIP6 ensemble for downscaled monthly climate normals over North America. International Journal of Climatology 42 (11), 5871-5891. DOI:10.1002/joc.7566

Wang, T., A. Hamann, and Z. Sang. 2025. Monthly high‐resolution historical climate data for North America since 1901. International Journal of Climatology 45 (3), e8726. DOI: 10.1002/joc.8726

Wang, T., A. Hamann, D. Spittlehouse, and C. Carroll. 2016. Locally downscaled and spatially customizable climate data for historical and future periods for North America. PLoS ONE 11(6): e0156720. DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0156720

Figure 1  Base, middle, and peak elevations of the British Columbian ski resorts discussed on this website. The ski resorts are ordered along the X-axis based on their longitude. The resorts are labeled as follows: A = Mount Washington, B = Cypress Mountain, C = Whistler Blackcomb, D = Sasquatch Mountain, E = Sun Peaks, F = Silver Star, G = Big White, H = Revelstoke Mountain, I = Red Mountain, J = Whitewater Mountain, K = Panorama, L = Sunshine Banff, and M = Fernie. The grey dotted line represents the average height of the ski resorts, measured by linear regression from west to east. Note that the base elevation for Whistler Blackcomb and Revelstoke Mountain is considered to be at the top of their Gondola lifts, which are located at  roughly 1080 meters and 790 meters, respectively, rather than the village elevation.

Table 1  Average monthly values of selected climate variables for Cypress Mountain Ski Resort at an elevation of 1124 meters. Data is derived for the period of 1991 to 2020 as determined by ClimateBC (version 7.70). 

Table 2  Global climate models available in ClimateBC (version 7.70). * Identifies the climate models available in the eight member ensemble used for the future forecasts shown on this website.

Figure 2  Yearly observations of winter mean temperatures (°C) from 1901 to 2025 at Cypress Mountain Ski Resort (elevation 1124 m) as derived from the climate database ClimateBC. The orange line is the best-fit linear regression line and the green dash lines show the 5% and 95% prediction thresholds.  

Figure 3  Predicted winter mean temperatures (°C) for the period 2030 to 2090 at Cypress Mountain Ski Resort (elevation 1124 m). These predictions are based on an eight climate model ensemble using the SSP2-4.5 and SSP5-8.5 emission scenarios, as derived from the climate database ClimateBC. Additionally, the figure includes the observed winter mean temperatures from 1901 to 2025.  The orange line is the best-fit linear regression line and the green dash lines show the 5% and 95% prediction thresholds.  

Figure 4  Yearly observations of winter degree days <0°C from 1901 to 2025 at Cypress Mountain Ski Resort (elevation 1124 m) as derived from the climate database ClimateBC. The orange line is the best-fit linear regression line and the green dash lines show the 5% and 95% prediction thresholds.   

Figure 5  Predicted winter degree days <0°C for the period 2030 to 2090 at Cypress Mountain Ski Resort (elevation 1124 m). These predictions are based on an eight climate model ensemble using the SSP2-4.5 and SSP5-8.5 emission scenarios, as determined from the climate database ClimateBC. Additionally, the figure includes the observed winter degree days <0°C from 1901 to 2025. The orange line is the best-fit linear regression line and the green dash lines show the 5% and 95% prediction thresholds.   

Figure 6  Yearly observations of winter snowfall (mm water equivalent) from 1901 to 2025 at Cypress Mountain Ski Resort (elevation 1124 m) as derived from the climate database ClimateBC. The orange line is the best-fit linear regression line and the green dash lines show the 5% and 95% prediction thresholds.   

Figure 7  Predicted winter snowfall (mm water equivalent) for the period 2030 to 2090 at Cypress Mountain Ski Resort (elevation 1124 m). These predictions are based on an eight climate model ensemble using the SSP2-4.5 and SSP5-8.5 emission scenarios, as determined from the climate database ClimateBC. Additionally, the figure includes the observed winter snowfall from 1901 to 2025. The orange line is the best-fit linear regression line and the green dash lines show the 5% and 95% prediction thresholds.   

Figure 8  Yearly observations of winter rainfall (mm) from 1901 to 2025 at Cypress Mountain Ski Resort (elevation 1124 m) as derived from the climate database ClimateBC. The orange line is the best-fit linear regression line and the green dash lines show the 5% and 95% prediction thresholds.   

Figure 9  Predicted winter rainfall (mm) for the period 2030 to 2090 at Cypress Mountain Ski Resort (elevation 1124 m). These predictions are based on an eight climate model ensemble using the SSP2-4.5 and SSP5-8.5 emission scenarios, as determined from the climate database ClimateBC. Additionally, the figure includes the observed winter rainfall from 1901 to 2025. The orange line is the best-fit linear regression line and the green dash lines show the 5% and 95% prediction thresholds.